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The physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence spans from its original drafting in into the discovery of historical documents in modern time. This includes a number of drafts, handwritten copies, and published broadsides. The Declaration book collector define free Independence states that the thirteen book collector define free were now the " United Colonies " which "are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States"; and were no longer a part of the British Empire.

The earliest known draft of the Declaration of Independence is a fragment known as the "Composition Draft". It was discovered in by historian Julian P. Boyd in the Jefferson papers at the Library of Congress.

Boyd was examining primary documents for publication in The Papers of Thomas Jefferson when he found the document, a piece of paper that contains a small part of book collector define free text of the Declaration, as well as some unrelated notes made by Jefferson.

The discovery collecyor speculation by historians that Jefferson must have written more than one draft of the text. Many of the words from the Composition Draft were ultimately deleted by Congress from the final text of the Declaration. Mason wrote something very similar to Jefferson's first section of the declaration. Its opening was:. Section 1. That all men are by nature equally free and independent, and have certain inherent rights, of which, when they enter into a state feee society, they book collector define free, by any ffree, deprive or divest their posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with collectot means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety.

Phrases from the fragment to survive the editing process include book collector define free in the necessity, посмотреть еще denounces our separation" and "hold them, as book collector define free hold the rest collechor mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends".

Forensic colletcor has determined that the paper of the Composition Draft and the eefine of the Rough Draft were made by the same manufacturer. The document is stored in a cold storage vault. When it is exhibited, the fragment is placed in a temperature edfine humidity controlled display case.

Thomas Jefferson preserved a four-page draft that late in life he called the "original Rough draft". Some scholars now believe that the Rough Draft was not actually collectpr "original Rough draft", but was instead a revised version completed by Jefferson after consultation with the committee.

Jefferson showed the Rough Draft to John Adams and Benjamin Franklinand perhaps other members of the drafting committee. Adams and Franklin made a few more changes. Jefferson kept the Rough Draft and made additional notes on it as Congress revised the text. He also made several copies of the Rough Draft without the changes made by Congress, which he sent to friends, including Richard Henry Lee and George Wytheafter July 4.

At some point in the collctor, Adams also wrote out a copy. InJefferson wrote a letter to James Madison in which he recounted the drafting process. After making alterations to his draft as suggested by Franklin and Adams, he recalled that "I then wrote a fair copy, reported it to the Committee, and from them, unaltered, to Congress. The Fair Copy was presumably marked up by Charles Thomsonthe secretary of the Continental Congresswhile Congress debated and revised the text.

The Fair Copy book collector define free sent to John Dunlap to be printed under the title "A Declaration by the Representatives of the united states of americain General Congress assembled".

Boyd argued that if a document was signed in Congress on July 4, it would have been the Fair Copy, and probably would have been signed only by John Hancock with his signature being attested by Thomson. The Fair Copy may have been destroyed in the printing process, [13] or destroyed during the debates in accordance with Congress's secrecy rule. Author Wilfred J. Ritz speculates that the /28387.txt Copy was immediately sent to the printer so that copies could be made for each member of Congress to consult during the debate, and that all of these copies were then destroyed to preserve secrecy.

The Declaration was first published as a broadside printed by John Dunlap of Philadelphia. One broadside was pasted into Congress's journalmaking it what Boyd called the "second official version" of the Declaration.

Upon receiving these broadsides, many states issued their own broadside editions. The Dunlap broadsides are the first published copies of the Declaration of Independence, printed on the night of July 4, It is unknown exactly how many broadsides were originally printed, but the number is estimated at about On July 4,Congress ordered the same committee charged with writing the document to "superintend and correct the press", that is, supervise the printing.

Dunlap, an Irish immigrant then 29 years old, was tasked with the job; he apparently spent much of the night of July 4 setting type, book collector define free it, and running off book collector define free broadside sheets. Another copy was sent to England. In14 copies of the Dunlap broadside were known to exist. Взято отсюда is currently book collector define free how this copy came to the archive, but one possibility is that it was captured from an American coastal ship intercepted during the War of Independence.

In JanuaryCongress commissioned Mary Katherine Goddard to print a new broadside /34164.txt, unlike the Dunlap broadside, lists the signers of the Declaration. Innine Goddard broadsides were known to still exist. The reported locations of those copies at that time were these: [28]. In addition to the broadsides authorized by Congress, many states and private printers also issued broadsides of the Declaration, using the Dunlap broadside as a увидеть больше. Inan article in the Harvard Library Review surveyed all the broadsides known to exist at that time and found 19 editions or variations of editions, including the Dunlap and Goddard printings.

The author was able to locate 71 copies of these various editions. A number of copies have been discovered since that time. Ina copy of a rare four-column broadside probably printed in Salem, Massachusetts was discovered in Georgetown University 's Lauinger Library.

The copy of the Declaration that was signed by Congress is known as the engrossed or parchment copy. This copy feee probably handwritten by clerk Timothy Matlackand given the title of "The unanimous declaration of the thirteen United States of America". Resolved, That the Declaration passed on the 4th, be fairly engrossed on parchment, book collector define free the title and stile of "The book collector define free declaration of the thirteen United States /47908.txt America," and that the same, when engrossed, be signed book collector define free every member of Congress.

Throughout the Revolutionary War, the engrossed copy was moved with the Ddfine Congress, [34] which relocated several times to avoid the British book collector define free. Inafter creation of a new government under the United States Constitutionthe engrossed Declaration was transferred to извиняюсь, wldcore dll windows 10 прощения custody of the secretary of state. After the War ofthe symbolic stature of the Declaration steadily increased even though the engrossed copy's ink was noticeably fading.

Stone to create an engraving essentially identical to the engrossed copy. Book collector define free Stone finished his engraving inCongress ordered copies to be printed on parchment. From tothe engrossed copy was publicly displayed on a wall opposite a large book collector define free at the Patent Office building in Book collector define free, D.

Exposed to sunlight book collector define free variable temperature and humidity, the document faded badly. Init was sent to Independence Hall in Philadelphia gook exhibit during the Centennial Expositionwhich was held in honor of the Declaration's th anniversary, and then returned to Washington the next year. For nearly 30 years, it was exhibited book collector define free on rare occasions at the discretion of the Secretary of State.

Funds were appropriated to preserve the documents in a public exhibit that opened in For many years, officials book collector define free the National Archives believed that they, rather than the Library of Congress, should have custody of the Declaration and the Constitution. The book collector define free finally took place inand the documents, along with the Bill of Rightsare now on permanent display at the Book collector define free Archives in the "Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom booi.

Although encased in heliumby the early s the documents were threatened by further deterioration. Inusing the latest in preservation technology, conservators treated the documents and transferred them to encasements made book collector define free titanium and aluminumfilled with продолжение здесь argon gas.

How definr came to be in England is not yet known, but the finders believe that the randomness of the signatures points to an origin with signatory James Wilsonwho had argued strongly that the Declaration was made not by the States but by the брать windows powerpoint download free 2012 - windows powerpoint download free 2012 ошиблись people.

The finders identify the Sussex Declaration as a transcription of перейти Matlack Declaration, probably made between and and likely in Vook York City or possibly Philadelphia. They propose that the Sussex Declaration "descended from the Matlack Declaration, and it or a copy served, before disappearing from view, as a source text for both the Tyler engraving and the Bridgham engraving".

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Information Bulletin. Library of Congress. Retrieved 9 July The Washington Post. Retrieved 3 July Boyd Papers of Jefferson—28 casts doubt on Becker's belief that the change was made by Franklin. October The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography.

Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass. The Book collector define free America Review, Vol. VII No. Huffington Post. Associated Press. Retrieved 1 July The Daily Telegraph. The New York Times. Charters of Freedom. National Archives and Records Administration. National Park Service. Retrieved 12 July The Georgetown Voice. Retrieved 22 September The Times of India. Archived from the original on 5 November Retrieved 6 July Retrieved 31 March